国外网站copy过来的对hardening & quenching 的描述

ys362

Quenching is the process of rapid cooling. It can reduce crystallinity and thereby increase toughness of steel strips. It is most commonly used to harden steel strips by introducing martensite, thus the steel strips are rapidly cooled through its eutectoid point, the temperature at which austenite becomes unstable. In case when steel strips are alloyed with metals such as nickel, chromium and manganese, the eutectoid temperature becomes much lower, but the kinetic barriers to phase transformation remain the same. This allows quenching to start at a lower temperature, thus making the process much easier.

Quench hardening is a process in which spring steel strips are strengthened and hardened. This is done by heating the steel strips to a certain temperature and then rapidly cooling the material by applying oil. This produces harder steel strips by either surface hardening or through-hardening varying on the rate at which the steel strips are cooled. The steel strips are then often tempered to reduce the brittleness that may increase from the quench hardening process.

Tempering is a heat treatment technique for metals, alloys. For steel strips , tempering is done to toughen the steel strips by transforming brittle martensite or bainite into a combination of ferrite and cementite. Tempering is done by a controlled reheating of the work piece to a temperature below its lower critical temperature.

The brittle martensite becomes tough and ductile after it is tempered. The carbon atoms which were trapped in the austenite when it was rapidly cooled by oil quenching form the martensite. The martensite becomes strong after being tempered because when reheated, the microstructure rearrange and the carbon atoms diffuse out of the distorted body-centred-tetragonal structure. Thus the result is nearly pure ferrite with a body-centred structure. Tempering improves ductility and toughness, it reduces cracking, improves machinability, increases impact resistance, improves malleability, decreases hardness of the steel strips.

Steel strips are first heated to create a solid solution of iron and carbon in a process called austenizing (Austenitization is the process of heating the steel to a temperature at which it changes its crystal structure from ferrite to austenite.) Austenizing is followed by quenching. The steel strips are then tempered by heating between the ranges of 150–260 °C and 370–650 °C. Tempering in the range of 260–370 °C is avoided to reduce temper brittling. The steel strips are held at the particular temperature until the required specifications are achieved.

我爱大自然

Quenching is the process of rapid cooling. It can reduce crystallinity and thereby increase toughness of steel strips. It is most commonly used to harden steel strips by introducing martensite, thus the steel strips are rapidly cooled through its eutectoid point, the temperature at which austenite becomes unstable. In case when steel strips are alloyed with metals such as nickel, chromium and manganese, the eutectoid temperature becomes much lower, but the kinetic barriers to phase transformation remain the same. This allows quenching to start at a lower temperature, thus making the process much easier.
淬火是快速冷却的过程（工艺），它可以抑制结晶和钢材的硬度。通常会得到马氏体来强化，工件快速的冷却到临界点下，这个温度下奥氏体是不稳定的。当钢材中融入了合金元素如Ni、Cr、Mn，临界温度变低，但是Ni会（提高奥氏体的稳定性）阻碍相变（γ→α（M））的发生。这会使得淬火转变的温度变低，从而使得这一过程更容易。

Quench hardening is a process in which spring steel strips are strengthened and hardened. This is done by heating the steel strips to a certain temperature and then rapidly cooling the material by applying oil. This produces harder steel strips by either surface hardening or through-hardening varying on the rate at which the steel strips are cooled. The steel strips are then often tempered to reduce the brittleness that may increase from the quench hardening process.
淬火是使得钢材硬化的工艺。这是通过吧钢材加热到特定温度然后迅速冷却（通过油冷却），这要么使得表面硬化要么也使得工件内部硬化，具体的取决于冷却速度。淬火后通常会回火来降低淬火带来的脆性。

Tempering is a heat treatment technique for metals, alloys. For steel strips , tempering is done to toughen the steel strips by transforming brittle martensite or bainite into a combination of ferrite and cementite. Tempering is done by a controlled reheating of the work piece to a temperature below its lower critical temperature.回火是钢材的一种热处理工艺。对于钢材，回火把脆的马氏体或者贝氏体转变成铁素体和碳化物的混合物。回火是通过重新加热工件至临界温度下保温完成的。

The brittle martensite becomes tough and ductile after it is tempered. The carbon atoms which were trapped in the austenite when it was rapidly cooled by oil quenching form the martensite. The martensite becomes strong after being tempered because when reheated, the microstructure rearrange and the carbon atoms diffuse out of the distorted body-centred-tetragonal structure. Thus the result is nearly pure ferrite with a body-centred structure. Tempering improves ductility and toughness, it reduces cracking, improves machinability, increases impact resistance, improves malleability, decreases hardness of the steel strips. 通过回火，脆的马氏体变得有韧性和强度。奥氏体中固溶了碳元素，在快速冷却下形成马氏体，重新加热后马氏体的韧性加强，组织会改变，碳元素会从晶格畸变的体心立方晶系中扩散出来，从而形成没有畸变的铁素体（α相）BCC（body-center-crystal体心立方晶系）结构，回火会改善韧性和强度，降低脆性，提高力学性能，提高冲击韧性，提高组织的稳定性，降低钢材的硬度。

Steel strips are first heated to create a solid solution of iron and carbon in a process called austenizing (Austenitization is the process of heating the steel to a temperature at which it changes its crystal structure from ferrite to austenite.) Austenizing is followed by quenching. The steel strips are then tempered by heating between the ranges of 150–260 °C and 370–650 °C. Tempering in the range of 260–370 °C is avoided to reduce temper brittling. The steel strips are held at the particular temperature until the required specifications are achieved.钢材加热到形成碳元素和铁元素的固溶体的过程称之为奥氏体化（奥氏体化是通过加热使得晶体结构由铁素体转变成奥氏体），奥氏体化后通常会进行淬火，工件通常会在淬火后回火，回火的温度范围有150-260℃，370-650℃，前者是降低脆性。工件再特定温度下保温直至满足要求。

没事当做练习翻译下。

ys362

我爱大自然 发表于 2012-4-3 22:06
Quenching is the process of rapid cooling. It can reduce crystallinity and thereby increase toughnes ...

不错不错 哈哈 比较专业。 这里还有一段关于退火的呢，可以练习练习。

Firstly heating is done above the recrystallization temperature and a suitable temperature is maintained, and then after this cooling is done. Annealed steel strips are ductile, soft, relieved from internal stresses and have a refined structure which is done by making it homogeneous. Thus the steel strips are softened and prepared for further work such as shaping, stamping, or forming.

There are three stages through which annealed steel strips are manufactured through the annealing process. Firstly there is a recovery phase, which results in softening of the metal through removal of crystal defects and the internal stresses which they cause. Recovery phase covers all annealing phenomena that occur before the appearance of new strain-free grains. The second stage is recrystallization, where the new strain-free grains nucleate and grow to replace those deformed by internal stresses. If annealing is allowed to continue once recrystallization has been completed, grain growth will occur, in which the microstructure starts to coarsen and may cause the steel strips to have less than satisfactory mechanical properties.

Full annealing leads to the second most ductile state a metal can assume for metal alloy. It creates an entirely new homogeneous and uniform structure with good dynamic properties. To perform full annealing, the steel strip is heated to its annealing point and is held for sufficient time to allow the steel strip to fully austenitize, to form austenite or austenite-cementite grain structure. Austenitization is the process of heating the steel to a temperature at which it changes its crystal structure from ferrite to austenite. The material formed in the previous step is then allowed to cool slowly so that the equilibrium microstructure is obtained. The material can either be air cooled or furnace cooled. The result is always a more ductile material that has greater stretch ratio (The stretch ratio or extension ratio is defined as the ratio between the final length ℓ and the initial length L of the material line.) and reduction of area properties but a lower yield strength and a lower tensile strength. Genrally steel strip that is to be machined, will be annealed, then it will be further followed by heat treatment to obtain the final desired properties.

以下这个不知道专业术语叫什么，全退火吗？
Spheroidite is formed when carbon steel strips are heated to 700 °C (approx.) for about 30 hours. Although spheroidite can form at lower temperatures but the time needed increases to a great extent, as this is a diffusion-controlled process. The result is a structure of rods or spheres of cementite within primary structure (ferrite or pearlite, depending on which side of the eutectoid you are on). The purpose of this process is to soften higher carbon steel strips and thus allow more formability. These are the softest and most ductile form of steel strips. Spheriodized steel strips are used for various application requiring maximum cold forming.

温庆远

首先做以上的加热温度和结晶温度保持适当,这种冷却后,就完成了。退火钢带是韧性、柔软、免除内部应力和有一个雅致的结构,是由使其均匀。因此,钢带软化准备进一步的工作,比如成型、冲压、或形成。


有三个阶段,通过退火钢带制造通过退火工艺。首先有一个恢复阶段,导致软化,去除金属通过晶体缺陷和内部应力引起。重建阶段涵盖所有退火现象,出现了新的之前发生strain-free谷物。第二个阶段是再结晶,在这些日子里新婚strain-free谷物核和生长,以代替那些内部应力变形。如果退火继续允许再一次已经完成,晶粒生长会发生,组织开始变粗,这可能会使钢带有不到满意的力学性能。


完全退火导致国家第二大韧性金属可以假定为金属合金。它创造了一种全新结构均匀致密均匀,具有良好的动态性能。对执行完全退火、钢带对其退火加热点和举行足够长的时间来允许充分austenitize钢带,形成奥氏体晶粒结构或austenite-cementite。Austenitization的过程中加热钢在其温度变化对晶体结构从奥氏体铁素体。物质形成前一步然后让其冷却慢些吧,这样获得平衡的微观组织。材料可以是风冷或炉冷却。结果往往更韧性材料,具有较大的伸展率(拉伸率或者延长比被定义为之间的比率和# 8467;最后的长度和初始长度L的材料线。)和降低区域的性能,但较低的屈服强度、抗拉强度较低。这是Genrally带钢加工,将退火,那么它将进一步其次是热处理最终获得期望的性质。

温庆远

电脑翻译再好也不如人翻译。错误百出最后还需要人进行修改。

温庆远

chenze2008朋友：
您过讲了。我们那个年代清一色是学俄语。英语是自学的，会看不会读，纯属哑巴英语。让您见笑了。

ys362

温庆远 发表于 2012-4-16 17:13
chenze2008朋友：
您过讲了。我们那个年代清一色是学俄语。英语是自学的，会看不会读，纯属哑巴英语。让您 ...

佩服！！！这得要多好的记性啊

旺旺

2楼翻译的很专业啊，下一层的翻译有些机械，意思出来了，语句方面还可以组织的更通一些。